Hoʻolālā nā papa helu hōʻali i ka ikaika o nāʻoihana a me nā pūʻali aupuni, i ka home a me nā haole, ke kūpono i ko lākou hiki ke uku aku i ka ukupanee a me nā uku uku ma kā lākou mau paʻa a me nā hōʻai'ē'ē aʻe. Hoʻomaopopo pono nā keʻena no kaʻike inoa i nā'ōlelo a me nā kūlana o kēlā me kēia hihia pili'ē. ʻO ka pālākiō no kahi hōʻai'ē kālā i hōʻikeʻia e hōʻike ana i ke kēkelē o kaʻaelike e hiki ai i ka mea noi ke hoʻokō i kāna mau uku hoʻoili no ka uku a me ke poʻokela e like me ka hoʻonohonohoʻana.
ʻO ka pālākeli no ka hoʻopuka kālā i hāʻawiʻia i like paha, he mea likeʻole ia mai ka hōʻai'ē hōʻai'ē no ka mea hoʻopuka, e kālele ana i kāna hua'ōlelo.
Ka hopena
ʻO nā hihia pili i nā kumukūʻai me nā hōʻai'ē hoʻonui kiʻekiʻe loa mai nā pūʻulu e loaʻa i nā kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa loa. ʻO ka hōʻoiaʻiʻo o ka poʻe kālā kālā i ka hikiʻana o nā mea kālā e hoʻokō i kā lākou mau kuleana uku e hoʻohālike nuiʻia e nā hōʻike o kaʻaha kaulike. I kēia manawa, ua hoʻopili maikaʻiʻia ka uku pānaʻi e koiʻia e nā mea kālā ma kahi hōʻai'ē e hāʻawiʻia ana me ka hōʻai'ē o ka mea noi: e uku ana ka mea hōʻai'ē me ka ukuʻole.
Kaʻike
Hoʻolālā nā lawelawe konohiki hōʻai'ē i ka hana like i nāʻoihana hoʻokele kālā. ʻO nā haʻawina hōʻai'ē i hanaʻia e nā mea i loaʻa i kēlā me kēia kanaka, e like me ka hopena o ka huina kālā i hiki i kēlā kanaka kēia mea ke noi.
Nā Kokua Kokua
ʻO ka hana ma keʻano he mea hōʻailona ma kahiʻaha lālā kuhikahi kahi ala e alualu ai i kaʻoihana i ka noiʻi palekana . ʻO ka nui o nāʻaelike hoʻonohonoho nui eʻike i ka nui o nā puka komo a me nāʻoihana i hiki ke nānā i ka nui o nā hōʻai'ē'ai'ē ma ka mākeke.
Pēlā lākou e aʻo ai i kahi nui o nā poʻe e hana ana ma kahi'ē aʻe o kaʻoihana lawelawe kālā, ma kahiʻano like.
Nā Neina
ʻO nā papa helu hoʻolālā ke kumu o nā hana hoʻoponopono, ma muli o ka loaʻaʻana o nā'ōlelo hōʻino i nā makahiki i hala iho nei no ka maikaʻi o kā lākou noiʻi. He nui nā mea nānā aku i'ōlelo lākou he mau mea hoʻolaleʻale kālā lākou,ʻawaʻole eʻike i nā mea maikaʻiʻole i nā mea hoʻopuka e nānā lākou, a ua lōʻihi e hoʻololi i kā lākou mau koho.
Aia kekahi paio no ka mea (koe wale nōʻo Egan-Jones, kahi mea liʻiliʻi e koi ana i ka mea hoʻohana i nā hōʻemi a me nā loiloi) hāʻawi nā mea hoʻoili a koho i nāʻaelike kuhi no kā lākou mau paʻa. I ka makahiki 2008 o nā loiloi kālā e hoʻolālāʻia e ka CFA Institute, 11% o nā mea pane i'ōlelo uaʻike lākou i nāʻaha hoʻomaopopo no ka hoʻomaikaʻiʻana i nā palena hoʻopaʻaʻana ma lalo o nā koi o nā mea hoʻopuka. I kēia manawa, ua hoʻomaopopoʻia ka papahana hoʻoponopono Federal 2003 i nā paio akā ua'ōleloʻo ia he mau pale wale no kaʻikeʻana,ʻo kaʻikeʻana uaʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā keʻenaʻoi pākela i ka mālamaʻana i kā lākou kūkalaʻana ma mua o nā mea hōʻoluʻolu o ka poʻe.
Leading Firms
ʻEkolu mauʻoihana i hoʻomalu i kēia mahele. ʻO ka pepaʻo Wall Street ("Kelepona i Downsize Giants of Ratings," 8/10/2011), eia ka helu o lākou a pau a me ka mahele o kēlā me kēia hōʻike o nāʻoihana iʻoi aku ma luna o 2.8 miliona o nā hōʻike i hāʻawiʻia e nā ' Nā NRSROs) i koho a mālamaʻia e ka SEC:
- S & P (1,190,500 hōʻike, aiʻole 42.2%)
- Moody's (1,039,187 mau manaʻo, aiʻole 36.9%)
- Fitch (505,024 mau manaʻo, aiʻole 17.9%)
Wahi a kekahi mea hoʻopuka noiʻi a Piper Jaffray i ho'ākākaʻia ma ka palapala WSJ i hōʻike muaʻia,ʻo ka hui nui loa o nāʻaelike hōʻike kūikawāʻekolu he 95% o nā kālā i loaʻa ma kēia pūʻulu.
ʻO ka hōʻailona o ko lākou pilikulu pili,ʻo ia ka mea i hoʻolālāʻia e Standard & Poor i nā kāleka a me 8/5/2011 i ka hōʻai'ē nui oʻAmelika i ka AA +, ua hana muaʻo'Egan-Jones i nā mea like ma mua, akāʻaʻole i mālamaʻia.
ʻO ke koena o nā helu NRSROs i koe wale nō he 81,955 hōʻemi kiʻekiʻe, aiʻole he 2.9%. ʻO lākou, me nā makahiki i hoʻomakaʻia ai lākou:
- AM Best (i hoʻokumuʻia 1899, nā manaʻo mua i hāʻawiʻia i ka makahiki 1907)
- DBRS (1976)
- Ka Hui Laulimaʻo Japan (1985)
- Nāʻikeʻikepili a me nāʻike kālā. (1986)
- 'Egan-Jones Ratings (1995)
- Hōʻike Hōʻikeʻo Morningstar (2001)
- Kroll Bond Rating Agency (2011; Jules Kroll i hoʻokumu i nā meaʻimi noiʻi Kroll Associates i ka makahiki 1984)
Hoʻohuiʻia, Standard & Poor a me Moody's e pili ana i 80% o nā pilikia a pau a me nā aupuni (state a me ka moku'āina). Uaʻikeʻia lākou he poʻo ma luna o Fitch.
ʻO ka lālā mua loa o nā NRSROs heʻumi, AM He mea nui, he liʻiliʻi, akā mahaloʻia, he mea lapaʻau i nāʻoihana inikua kalana.